了解黄貂草的生物学、历史、鉴定和控制-e世博入口

Buffelgrass生物学

常见的名字: 牛肉饼，意大利面牛肉饼，萨卡特牛肉饼
学名: Cenchrus ciliaris
增长形式: 禾草状的(草)
花序: 浓密的，圆柱形穗状具紫色刚毛.75-5英寸长(0.25-0.5英寸宽). 刚毛细长，上半部(远端)呈波浪状. 小穗上没有草坪.
叶子: 平的，3-11英寸长(小于0.25英寸宽), and scabrous (rough to the touch); hairy ligules (tiny whitish/blond hairs visible at the base of the leaf blade where it diverges 从 the leaf sheath, 这是叶子包裹茎的部分).
增长的习惯: 束草，所有的茎从多节的基部生长. 这种坚韧的块状植物可以长到3岁以上.5英尺高，成熟的植物通常长到直径3-4英尺.
根: 深的:深至土壤6-8英寸的.
传播: Seeds are readily dispersed via wind, water, animal fur, and on clothing and footwear.
经济增长周期: 牛耳草是一种多年生草，生长在温暖的地区, frost-free 冬天s and a summer rainy season with 6 to 24 inches of rainfall a year. 它通常在冬末开始生长，从春天到秋天开花.
栖息地: 道路权利之内, 农业地区, 干扰网站, 空地, 牧场, 草原, 南, 向西和向东的山坡, 还有河岸地带. 发生在所有土壤质地中，但在沙质土壤中最常见. 主要是温暖季节的C-4草, 长在3英尺以下的黄草,000英尺的海拔几乎在任何降雨后都能发芽开花. Buffelgrass does 不 tolerate extended flooding or subfreezing temperatures for extended periods.

黄草的历史和分布

牛耳草原产于非洲、亚洲和中东. It is one of the many African grasses that have been introduced as cattle forage in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, 包括美国南部. It was introduced to the United 状态s in the 1930s for erosion control and livestock forage. It was planted in a variety of locations in 南ern Arizona 从 the 1930s to the early 1980s.

Records 从 natural habitat were sparse until about 1980 when it began a rapid expansion. 在1990年之前，除了植物学家，很少有人注意到亚利桑那州的这种现象. 今天，在该州的南半部看不到它是很罕见的, 大面积的虫害正变得越来越普遍.

在其本地和引进的范围内, 种植牛耳草, 它已经成为澳大利亚的入侵物种, 北美和南美, 以及太平洋上的许多岛屿(包括夏威夷), 印度洋和加勒比海.

在萨瓜罗国家公园西，水牛草已经超过了这个斜坡. 前景中的水牛草还没有完全休眠, while on the slope it has turned the straw yellow color characteristic of dormant buffelgrass.

正确识别牛耳草

黄貂草鉴别袖珍指南
(它防水、防撕裂，
PDF在智能手机上看起来很棒!)

在处理黄草之前，正确识别这种植物是很重要的. 有防水和防撕裂的识别指南. 你可以通过电子邮件索取副本. 指南也可以 PDF格式下载. 下面列出了一些关键特性.

束草-所有的茎从一个中心点形成一个大的“丛”。
color — plants quickly respond to moisture by turning bright green; during dry periods, 也就是说一年中大部分时间, 黄草是稻草的颜色
瓶刷状花序-种子在茎的末端发育, 它的外观有点模糊，看起来像瓶刷
rough rachis — the central stem that holds the seeds is extremely rough if you run your fingers 从 the bottom to the top
hairy ligule — the ligule is the spot where the leaf blade diverges 从 the stem; delicate hairs are obvious when the leaf blade is pulled slightly away 从 the stem
rough leaf blade — the leaf blade contains small stiff hairs so if you run your fingers gently along the blade 从 the stem to the tip of the leaf it will feel rough

瓶刷籽头和粗轴: 牛耳草有一种非常独特的花，看起来像一个瓶子刷子. The flower can range in color 从 reddish or purplish brown when seeds are young to a tan color when seeds are mature. 一旦种子散去，剩下的茎(如.e. 脊柱明显粗糙.

虽然这些是一些关键的特征，可以帮助识别, 一些本土的草也有类似的外观. 学习识别水牛草的最好方法是参加水牛草拉扯由专家领导.

为什么水牛草是一种威胁?

增加火灾的严重性和频率

在亚利桑那州南部, the rapid spread of buffelgrass is transforming fire-resistant desert into flammable grassland.

从历史上看, 索诺兰沙漠很少发生火灾, 而且只发生在异常潮湿的年份，那时冬季一年生植物变得超级丰富. 科学家估计这种情况每250年发生一次, 即便如此, 火苗很小，而且不完整.
随着水牛草在索诺兰沙漠变得越来越普遍, 火灾会变得更大, 更频繁的, 更严重的是. Buffelgrass thrives on fire, whereas the severe fires fueled by buffelgrass kill native plants.
在荒地-城市交界面有大量的牛耳草, 为野火进入居民区创造通道. Buffelgrass can also be found in yards, alleyways and utility corridors throughout Tucson.

物种流失

在空间、水和营养方面，黄草比本地植物更具竞争力. 随着沙草数量的增加，本地物种数量减少.

Buffelgrass crowds out native plants and puts an end to the spectacular wildflower blooms for which the Sonoran Desert is famous.
随着本地植物数量的减少, 野生动物的食物减少了, 比如沙漠龟, 长耳大野兔, 还有骡鹿.
失去了双刃剑, a keystone species impacts all the creatures that depend on them for food and shelter.

整个生态系统的丧失

即使在没有火的情况下, 索诺兰沙漠被水牛草所改变, 从物种丰富的沙漠变成了贫瘠的草原.
火加速了这个过程, 因为火释放的养分使适应火的水牛草肥沃, which regrows 从 its roots while new buffelgrass seedlings establish in the newly opened and fertilized spaces.

经济的伤害

黄草也对e世博入口的地区经济构成严重威胁. Tucson attracts millions of tourists every year who contribute billions of dollars to the regional economy. Will Tucson remain such an attractive destination if fire becomes commonplace or if our saguaro “forests” become buffelgrass 草原. In addition, the costs of buffelgrass-fueled fires will dwarf the costs of controlling buffelgrass. In 2008, an experiment was conducted in the Avra Valley to determine the characteristics of buffelgrass-fueled fire. 这段视频展示了这些火燃烧的速度和温度.

控制Buffelgrass

机械控制

机械控制就是简单地把它挖出来! 请注意，割草作为一种独立的治疗来控制黄草，是不建议，因为它很可能进一步蔓延的草. 挖掘水牛草的工具的选择取决于环境. 在崎岖多石的地形中(如. 在图森山或圣卡塔利娜山)，挖掘棒或鹤嘴锄是必不可少的. 在城市公园或你自己的后院，一把铲子可能很有用.

Digging up buffelgrass results in a large pile of buffelgrass – what do you do with all those buffelgrass plants?! Thatching the uprooted plants over the exposed soil is encouraged and has been shown to inhibit seedling establishment. Thatching simply means layering the pulled plants over the ground where the buffelgrass was uprooted. Care needs to be taken however if pulling along roadside or other areas where piles of buffelgrass could pose a safety hazard. 牛耳草的种子可以存活3-5年, so you must return to your site to deal with the seedlings that will undoubtedly sprout with the next rainfall event. The good news is that seedlings and young plants are much easier to dig up than older, mature plants. Digging up buffelgrass is an effective control method that can be employed year-round on most sites. 当然, 当土壤湿润且温度凉爽时，挖掘最容易, 晚秋, 冬天, 在亚利桑那州南部，早春的几个月是使用这种方法的最佳时间.

欢迎来到牛蒡地从丹尼尔•贝尔 on Vimeo.

化学防治

Buffelgrass can be controlled with herbicide when the plant is at least 50% green and actively growing. 在亚利桑那州南部, buffelgrass usually enters a period of active growth following the onset of the summer monsoons, 七月下旬至九月底(有时甚至贯穿十月). 所有除草剂的使用应按照标签说明进行.

不管你对除草剂的立场如何, 草甘膦是一个重要的工具，在这个时间点上的水牛草控制. 科学家们正在积极开发替代方案, 但目前，草甘膦是唯一能有效杀死牛草的除草剂, 同时尽量减少对非目标植物(本地植物)的影响. The cost of digging up the the thousands of acres of buffelgrass in remote locations on public lands is prohibitive.

如果e世博入口选择什么都不做, 让水牛草在e世博入口的公共土地上蔓延, e世博入口选择允许e世博入口的仙人掌和其他仙人掌, e世博入口的棕榈树和铁木, e世博入口春夏的野花, 几乎所有的本土植物都将从这些景观中消失.

最近草甘膦(N-(磷甲乙基)甘氨酸),许多商业除草剂配方中的有效成分, 上过新闻吗. Conflicting headlines and the vast diversity of media sources has made it difficult to know which information is accurate, 哪些信息被歪曲了，哪些信息甚至是相关的. e世博入口提供这个原材料清单这样你就可以阅读研究并做出明智的决定.

作品引用:Bussan, A.J.，和W.E. 戴尔. 1999. 除草剂和牧场. Pp. 116-132. R:.L. 雪莉和J.K. Petroff (eds.). 草地有害杂草的生物学与治理. 俄勒冈州立大学出版社. 科瓦利斯,俄勒冈州. 438pp.

水牛草控制手册

生物防治

生物防治涉及生物(通常是昆虫), but can include livestock grazing) that are deliberately introduced in an area to control invasive species. 生物防治的目的不是根除, but rather to exert enough pressure on a species to reduce its abundance to acceptable levels (Wilson and 麦卡弗里 1999).

黄貂草不是单靠放牧控制的. 如果使用这种控制方法, 必须结合使用其他方法来实现控制. 例如, livestock grazing may be useful for stimulating buffelgrass plant growth prior to treatment with herbicide during certain periods of the year when the plant is actively growing. 目前还没有水沙草的昆虫生物防治方法.

科学家们目前正致力于开发一种“生物除草剂”,来源于真菌病原体，这些真菌病原体会攻击其原生范围内的草. 这些病原体不会被释放到索诺兰沙漠, but rather scientists are attempting to isolate the toxins produced by these pathogens and turn them into a bioherbicide that would be specific to buffelgrass and its close relatives.

作品引证:Wilson, L.M. 和J.P. 麦卡弗里. 1999. 草地有害杂草的生物防治. Pp. 97-115. R:.L. 雪莉和J.K. Petroff (eds.). 草地有害杂草的生物学与治理. 俄勒冈州立大学出版社. 科瓦利斯,俄勒冈州. 438pp.

法例及规例

状态

2005年有毒杂草裁决
- 亚利桑那州行政法典第3卷. 第四章农业. 第2条. 检疫 (pdf)
- 亚利桑那州行政法典 (网站)

Buffelgrass生物学

黄草的历史和分布

正确识别牛耳草

更多的Buffelgrass图片在这里: